HIV/AIDS
HIV
HIV (Humman Imunodeficiency Virus = virus lidského imunodeficitu) je
virus, který způsobuje ztrátu obranyschopnosti (imunity) člověka před
nejrůznějšími infekcemi. Tento virus napadá zejména určitou skupinu
bílých krvinek, takzvaných T-lymfocytů, které mají důležitou úlohu
v imunitním systému lidského organismu. Virus se v nich množí,
poškozuje jejich funkci a nakonec je i usmrcuje. Jejich absolutní počet
se tak snižuje, což vede k úplné ztrátě imunity a ke vzniku onemocnění
AIDS.
AIDS
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome) = syndrom (soubor příznaků)
získaného imunodeficitu. V podstatě se jedná o konečné stadium
infekčního onemocnění způsobeného virem HIV, které vede ke ztrátě
imunity, tedy obranyschopnosti, člověka. Napadený organismus se stává
vnímavým k celé řadě dalších infekcí a nádorovým onemocněním.
MOŽNOSTI PŘENOSU
Virus HIV se vyskytuje v krvi, v sekretech pohlavního ústrojí (sperma,
vaginální sekrety) a v dalších tělních tekutinách, včetně mateřského
mléka.
Existují 3 způsoby přenosu nákazy:
1. Nechráněným pohlavním stykem (nakazit se můžete při heterosexuálním i homosexuálním styku, pokud nepoužijete kondom)
2. krevní cestou, injekčním užíváním drogy (hlavně společným používáním
jehel, injekčních stříkaček a roztoku drogy a dalšího náčiní určeného
k nitrožilní aplikaci drogy), transfuzí krve nebo krevních derivátů
(dnes je díky systému kontroly dárců krve tento způsob nákazy prakticky
vyloučen)
3. z infikované matky na plod (v době těhotenství, při porodu nebo při kojení).
JAK ZJISTÍTE, ZDA JSTE SE NAKAZILI?
Jediným způsobem, jak získat jistotu, že jste se nenakazil(a), je
nechat si udělat test na protilátky proti HIV, to znamená nechat si
odebrat krev u svého ošetřujícího lékaře nebo v některé poradně nebo
zdravotnickém zařízení, které vzorek pošle k vyšetření do příslušné
laboratoře. Odběry krve se provádějí na všech hygienických stanicích.
Výsledek testu obdržíte nejpozději do 14 dnů po odběru krve.
Vyšetření u lékaře je hrazené zdravotní pojišťovnou, pokud uvedete své
osobní údaje a prokážete se kartičkou pojišťovny. Můžete požádat i o
vyšetření anonymní, nicméně pojišťovna anonymní vyšetření nehradí,
takže si pak test musíte zaplatit. V některých kontaktních centrech pro
uživatele drog je možné si anonymně nechat udělat test na protilátky
proti HIV ze slin. Za provedení testu se neplatí. Výsledek obdržíte
taktéž zhruba do 14 dnů.
PROČ SE NECHAT TESTOVAT
1) získáte pocit jistoty, že nejsi nakažen virem HIV a že nenakazíte nikoho jiného
2) čím dříve zjistíte, že jste HIV pozitivní, tím dříve a úspěšněji můžete být léčen/a
3) pokud jste HIV pozitivní, musíte si uvědomit svoji odpovědnost a nešířit dále infekci (sex, darování krve).
KDY JÍT NA TESTY?
Člověk by měl jít na test HIV, když:
1) ví o svém rizikovém chování (injekční užívání drog, příležitostný
nechráněný pohlavní styk, časté střídání sexuálních partnerů,...)
2) chce navázat nový sexuální vztah
JAK ZABRÁNIT NÁKAZE?
Možné způsoby nákazy:
1) Nechráněný pohlavní styk, t. j. bez
použití prezervativu (kondomu) s partnerem, o jehož zdravotním stavu
nic nevím a o jehož předchozím sexuálním chování nemám žádné informace.
2) Časté střídání sexuálních partnerů. Každý neznámý sexuální partner je rizikový.
3) Sexuální praktiky, které působí narušení sliznice a krvácení.
4) Injekční užívání drog.
Existují místa, kde použité jehly a stříkačky zdarma vymění za
sterilní. Jsou to především kontaktní centra pro uživatele drog, která
kromě toho posyktují i jiné služby (poradenství, zprostředkování
léčby...). V některých oblastech fungují také tzv. terénní programy
(streetwork).
Pokud musíte drogu užívat injekčně, nikdy si nepůjčujte jehly ani
stříkačky nebo jiné předměty používané při aplikaci (lžička,
filtry...), které se mohou dostat do styku s krví jiného člověka!
CO DĚLAT, KDYŽ SE NAKAZÍTE
Pokud se člověk nakazí HIV, jeho organismus začne tvořit protilátky. Ty
jsou zjistitelné testem nejdříve za 3 týdny od nákazy, bezpečně až za
2-3 měsíce. To znamená, že pokud si necháte test udělat dříve, nebudete
mít jistotu, že jste se nenakazili. Test totiž nebude schopen zjistit
HIV protilátky, přestože se virus HIV již v organismu vyskytuje. Jedná
se pak o tzv. falešně negativní výsledek.
Testování na HIV je doporučené opakovat nejméně dvakrát s odstupem
několika měsíců.
Co znamená být HIV negativní? Znamená to, že v těle testovaného člověka
se v okamžiku odběru krve nenacházely protilátky proti HIV.
Nezapomeňte ale, že pokud jste se nechal(a) testovat příliš brzy od
posledního rizikového chování, pak nemáte jistotu, že jste opravdu HIV
negativní a je nutné test opakovat za 2-3 měsíce.
CO TO ZNAMENÁ BÝT HIV POZITIVNÍ?
Znamená to, že člověk je nakažen virem HIV. Neznamená to, že má AIDS. Znamená to však, že může virem nakazit jiného člověka. Zjistit, že jste HIV pozitivní je šokující a deprimující, ale rozhodně to neznamená konec života. HIV pozitivní člověk může žít dlouhá léta a nemusí se u něj projevit známky onemocnění AIDS, pokud se řídí radami odborníků a zachovává určitá pravidla tak, aby ochránil sebe i ostatní.
V okamžiku, kdy člověk zjistí, že je HIV pozitivní, je nezbytné vyhledat některé z odborných pracovišť, která poskytují služby a péči HIV pozitivním a nemocným s AIDS. Lidé, kteří tam pracují, poskytnou nejen rady a informace, které se týkají odborné lékařské péče, ale hlavně podporu v těžké životní situaci.
zdroj: drogovaporadna.cz
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